Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) is a service that automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as EC2 instances or containers, within a single or multiple Availability Zones.

The ELB works by receiving incoming traffic and distributing it to registered targets based on configured routing rules, such as round-robin or least connections.

This helps to improve the availability and fault tolerance of your application by spreading the traffic evenly across multiple resources, and automatically routing traffic away from any failed resources.

The ELB offers three different types of load balancers to cater to different types of traffic and use cases:

1.Application Load Balancer (ALB): Designed to route traffic to microservices and container-based applications.

Example

AWS Application Load Balancer (ALB) is a type of Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) that is designed to route traffic to microservices and container-based applications. ALB works at the application layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model, which allows it to inspect incoming traffic and route it based on specific application-level criteria.

For example, let's say you have a web application that consists of multiple microservices running on different Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instances.

Each microservice handles a specific function, such as user authentication, product catalog, or shopping cart.

The ALB can be configured to route incoming HTTP/HTTPS requests to the appropriate microservice based on the path, host, query string, or headers of the request.

To illustrate this further, let's consider a simple e-commerce web application that consists of three microservices:

1. A user authentication service that handles user login and registration
2. A product catalog service that handles product listing and details
3. A shopping cart service that handles adding and removing items from the cart

Assuming that each microservice is running on a different EC2 instance, you can register these instances with the ALB and configure routing rules based on the path of the incoming requests. For example:

• Requests to https://www.example.com/login can be routed to the authentication service.
• Requests to https://www.example.com/products can be routed to the product catalog service.
• Requests to https://www.example.com/cart can be routed to the shopping cart service.

The ALB can also handle other advanced features such as SSL/TLS termination, path-based routing, content-based routing, and sticky sessions.

Overall, AWS Application Load Balancer helps to simplify the management and scalability of microservices-based applications by providing a flexible and scalable routing mechanism that can be easily integrated with other AWS services.

2.Network Load Balancer (NLB): Designed to handle TCP, UDP, and TLS traffic, and ideal for applications that require extreme performance and static IP addresses.

Example

AWS Network Load Balancer (NLB) is a type of Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) that is designed to handle TCP, UDP, and TLS traffic, and is ideal for applications that require extreme performance and static IP addresses. NLB works at the transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model, which means it can route traffic based on IP protocol data, source IP address, and source port.

To understand how NLB works, let's consider an example of a web application that consists of multiple web servers running on different Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instances.

Each web server handles incoming HTTP requests from clients and generates a response. The NLB can be configured to distribute incoming traffic across these web servers based on the configured routing rules.

Assuming that each web server is running on a different EC2 instance, you can register these instances with the NLB and configure routing rules based on the IP protocol data and source IP address of the incoming requests.

For example:

• All incoming HTTP requests that originate from a specific IP address range can be routed to a specific web server that is optimized to handle these requests.
• All incoming HTTPS requests that originate from a specific IP address range can be routed to a specific web server that is optimized to handle SSL/TLS termination.

NLB also provides several advanced features like cross-zone load balancing, connection draining, and static IP addresses that help to improve the availability and scalability of your applications.

Overall, AWS Network Load Balancer helps to simplify the management and scalability of high-performance applications that require low-latency and high-throughput networking.

3.Classic Load Balancer (CLB): The original load balancer that can handle HTTP/HTTPS traffic and is suited for applications that have been around for some time and require a basic level of load balancing.

Example

AWS Classic Load Balancer (CLB) is the original Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) service that is designed to handle HTTP/HTTPS traffic and is suited for applications that have been around for some time and require a basic level of load balancing. CLB works at the transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model and can distribute traffic evenly across registered EC2 instances.

To understand how CLB works, let's consider an example of a web application that consists of multiple web servers running on different Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instances.

Each web server handles incoming HTTP requests from clients and generates a response. The CLB can be configured to distribute incoming traffic across these web servers based on the configured routing rules.

Assuming that each web server is running on a different EC2 instance, you can register these instances with the CLB and configure routing rules based on the incoming traffic's source and destination IP addresses and ports. For example:

• All incoming HTTP requests can be distributed across all registered web servers using a round-robin algorithm.
• All incoming HTTPS requests can be distributed across all registered web servers using a least-connections algorithm.

CLB also provides several additional features like SSL/TLS termination, sticky sessions, and health checks that help to improve the availability and scalability of your applications.

Overall, AWS Classic Load Balancer helps to simplify the management and scalability of traditional web applications by providing a basic level of load balancing that is easy to configure and manage.

However, it is important to note that AWS recommends using either Application Load Balancer (ALB) or Network Load Balancer (NLB) for new applications, as they provide more advanced features and better performance.

ELB also provides several additional features like health checks, SSL/TLS termination, sticky sessions, and access logs.

Overall, ELB helps to improve the performance, availability, and scalability of your applications by automatically distributing incoming traffic across multiple resources, and allowing you to easily manage and monitor your resources. 

AWS procing and Design Patterns

 AWS pricing can vary depending on the service and pricing model used. Some common pricing models for AWS services include pay-as-you-go, reserved instances, and spot instances. Here are some examples:

1. Pay-As-You-Go: This is a usage-based pricing model where you pay only for the resources you consume, such as EC2 instances, storage, and data transfer.

2. Reserved Instances: This is a pricing model that allows you to save money by committing to a one- or three-year term for a specific instance type. The longer the term, the greater the discount.

3. Spot Instances: This is a pricing model where you can bid on unused EC2 instances and pay the current market price. Spot instances can be much cheaper than on-demand instances but can be interrupted if the spot price rises above your bid.

As for AWS Design Patterns, they are best practices for designing and implementing applications on AWS infrastructure.

Design patterns can help you build scalable, reliable, and cost-effective applications. Some common AWS Design Patterns include:

1. Auto Scaling: This pattern allows you to automatically scale your application up or down based on demand.

2. Load Balancing: This pattern allows you to distribute traffic across multiple instances to improve performance and availability.

3. Serverless: This pattern allows you to build applications without provisioning or managing servers.

4. Microservices: This pattern allows you to decompose your application into smaller, independent services that can be developed and deployed independently.

5. Event-Driven Architecture: This pattern allows you to build applications that respond to events in real-time.

6. Caching: This pattern allows you to improve application performance by caching frequently accessed data.

By using AWS Design Patterns, you can optimize your application architecture for AWS services and take advantage of the scalability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of AWS infrastructure.

Amazon EC2 Instance Types

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) offers a wide range of instance types to support various workloads and use cases.

Each instance type is designed to provide a specific combination of CPU, memory, storage, and network performance.

The following are some of the instance types offered by AWS:

1. General Purpose: These instance types are ideal for small to medium-sized databases, web servers, and development environments. Examples include the T4g, T3, T2, M6g, M5, M4, A1, and A2 instance families.

2. Compute-Optimized: These instance types are designed for compute-intensive workloads that require high CPU performance. Examples include the C6g, C5, C4, and CC2 instance families.

3. Memory-Optimized: These instance types are ideal for workloads that require high memory capacity, such as in-memory databases and big data analytics. Examples include the R6g, R5, R4, X1e, X1, and z1d instance families.

4. Storage-Optimized: These instance types are designed for workloads that require high storage capacity and high I/O performance, such as NoSQL databases, data warehousing, and log processing. Examples include the I3, D2, H1, and G3 instance families.

5. GPU-Instances: These instance types are designed for workloads that require high-performance graphics processing units (GPUs) for deep learning, scientific simulations, and video encoding. Examples include the P4, P3, G4, G3, and Inf1 instance families.

6. FPGA-Instances: These instance types are designed for workloads that require customizable hardware acceleration for specialized workloads. Examples include the F1 instance family.

7. Arm-based Instances: These instance types are based on Arm processors and are optimized for workloads that require high performance at a lower cost. Examples include the Graviton2-based instances.

Each instance type has its own unique characteristics and pricing model, so it is important to choose the instance type that best meets your workload requirements and budget.